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B 151: THE GEOMETRY OF QUANTUM SPACE
Le 04/12/2018
I’d like to come back more specifically on the question of the geometry of D-dimensional quantum space, because the calculi given at the end of B 150 aren’t explicit enough.
Let’s first notice that, because of the three fundamental relations:
(1) cos(ipsi2) = ch(psi2) , sin(ipsi2) = ish(psi2) , psi2 in [0,2pi[
(2) ch²(.) - sh²(.) = 1
(3) cos²(.) + sin²(.) = 1
relation (3) extends to COMPLEX-VALUED angles psi = psi1 + ipsi2. This is important because one might thought at first glance that going from classical D-space to quantum one would change the rotation group from SO(D1,D2) into SU(D1,D2), D1 + D2 = D. This is true for the HERMITIAN spaces of supersymmetry, but not for the RIEMANNIAN spaces we are to use here. It’s indeed well-known that SU(D1,D2) preserves the REAL-VALUED quadratic form Sa=1D1 |xa|² - Sa=D1+1D2 |xa|², not the STILL COMPLEX-VALUED form Sa=1D1 (xa)² - Sa=D1+1D2 (xa)². Furthermore, we’re going to show that, at all regular point of X, we can set D2 = 0 and remain in a FULLY RIEMANNIAN SPACE.
We begin with reminding the simplest case of a plane rotation in 2D real space:
(4) x’1 = x1cos(psi1) + x2sin(psi1) , x’2 = -x1sin(psi1) + x2cos(psi1)
with psi1 real. This transformation has determinant +1 [relation (3)], thus describing a DIRECT rotation. It preserves the quadratic form (x1)² + (x2)², since:
(5) (x’1)² + (x’2)² = (x1)² + (x2)²
This is SOR(2), the rotation group of 2D real space. It has a single rotation angle psi1 so that the dimension OF THE GROUP is dimR[SOR(2)] = 1. One can easily show that (4) is formally equivalent to:
(6) x’ = exp(-ipsi1)x , x = x1 + ix2 , x’ = x’1 + ix’2
so that there’s a group isomorphism between SOR(2) and U(1), the rotation group of 1D COMPLEX space. However, (6) preserves the HERMITIAN form |x|² = (x1)² + (x2)², since the only angle-free relation is |x’|² = |x|². So, if we complexify (4) replacing all x-variables as well as the angle with complex-valued quantities, the extended transformation:
(7) x’1 = x1cos(psi) + x2sin(psi) , x’2 = -x1sin(psi) + x2cos(psi)
(8) x’a = x1a + ix2a (a = 1,2) , psi = psi1 + ipsi2
remains of determinant +1 thanks to (3) still holding, but it now preserves the complex-valued quadratic form (x1)² + (x2)², which is exactly what we need so as to keep the Bose-Einstein nature of the quantum vacuum. It follows that the rotation group leaving this form invariant is not U(1), but SOC(2), the COMPLEXIFIED rotation group of 2D COMPLEX space. As we can see, this group has TWO real-valued angles psi1 and psi2 or a SINGLE COMPLEX-valued angle psi. Its COMPLEX dimension is therefore unchanged, it’s one, but its REAL dimension is 2. More generally, for D-dimensional quantum space X, we will find SOC(D) has the rotation group leaving the quadratic form Sa=1D (xa)² invariant, with:
(9) dimC[SOC(D)] = D(D - 1)/2 => SOC(D) = SOR(D) x SOR(D)
(the equality being understood as a group isomorphism). Translations, scalings and inversions follow the same principle so that the larger invariance groups are respectively: the Poincaré group PC(D) of displacements and the conformal group CC(D), with complex dimensions:
(10) dimC[PC(D)] = D(D + 1)/2 => PC(D) = SOC(D + 1)
(11) dimC[CC(D)] = (D+1)(D+2)/2 => CC(D) = PC(D+1) = SOC(D + 2)
Let’s now show why X can (locally) remain EUCLIDIAN. Let’s reconsider the local COORDINATES transformation:
(12) xa = fa(x’)
from an “old” coordinate system xa to a “new” one x’a in the vicinity of any point of X. Let’s remind that such a transformation is a mere CHANGE OF REPRESENTATION, it induces NO PHYSICAL MOTION. One goes, for instance, from a planar representation to a polar or axisymmetric one. We know that the induced transformation on the METRICAL TENSOR of X is:
(13) g’cd = gab(dfa/dx’c)(dfb/dx’d)
Well, it suffices to set D = 1 and consider a linear transform x = ux’ with u constant to see that the metrical tensor in the NEW reference frame:
(14) g’ = gu²
will have state projections,
(15) g’1 = u1² - u2² , g’2 = 2u1u2
with NO DEFINITE SIGNS, EVEN IF WE SET g = 1 in the old reference frame. It means two things:
1) that starting from a FULLY EUCLIDIAN and REAL-VALUED metrical tensor in a given coordinate system, it’s always possible to obtain a COMPLEX-VALUED metrical tensor in another coordinate system, and
2) at any REGULAR point of X, where transformation (12) is invertible, it’s always possible to find a coordinate system into which A COMPLEX-VALUED metrical tensor REDUCES TO A FULLY EUCLIDIAN REAL-VALUED ONE.
In physical terms, this reads:
A coordinate transform in the vicinity of any regular point of X is a PURELY INERTIAL EFFECT, a mere CHANGE OF REPRESENTATION WITH NO PHYSICAL CONTENT. And the ability to get back to a fully Euclidian metric means that TIME-LIKE DIMENSIONS ARE PROJECTIVE “ILLUSIONS” THAT CAN ALWAYS BE ELIMINATED.
Indeed, if we set u2 = 0 in (15), we obtain g’1 = u1² > 0 (“space-like”) and g’2 = 0 (on state 2, the geometry SEEMS to collapse into a mere point) and, if we set u1 = 0, we obtain g’1 = -u2² < 0 (“time-like”) and g’2 = 0. But, as we can go back to the previous coordinate system, in that system, we have g = 1, that is, g1 = 1 and g2 = 0 and there’s no time-like direction anymore. This is of course due to the fact that complex multiplication induces PROJECTIVE HYPERBOLIC SQUARES, whereas real multiplication only induces ELLIPTIC squares (squares with a DEFINITE sign). In other words:
TIME IS A CLASSICAL NOTION THAT DOES NOT “SURVIVE” IN THE QUANTUM.
And this has very important impacts on mechanics as well as thermodynamics, because time is dual to the concept of energy. So, eliminating time for another space dimension means “eliminating” energy to the benefit of another momentum, but also reviewing the concept of TEMPERATURE, since there’s a direct link between thermal energy and temperature. In the quantum, they all appear as “inertial effects”. And, indeed, there was no solid reason why, in special relativity, “space-time” would only be a FICTITIOUS MATH FRAME more suitable than the 3D one to describe phenomena due to the finite value of c and would “suddenly” turn a PHYSICAL frame in general relativity, especially if gravity was to be considered an INERTIAL EFFECT… K Something didn’t match, which was exactly the bottom of the painstaking question about the SIGNATURE of “space-time”, namely: “why space-like dimensions and time-like ones and why, more specifically, 3 space-like ones for only a single time-like one?”.
Well, we now have an answer: there’s ZERO “time-like dimension” in the quantum and time appear as a PROJECTIVE ILLUSION when reported to classical or semi-classical things. The only thing that should remain relevant is THE INVARIANCE OF THE METRIC OF X: starting from a (local) coordinate system where
ds² = Sa=1D (dxa)² => gab = real-valued Kronecker delta
and such a system can always be found around any regular point (the Riemann axiom itself!), we can always end up with a metric
ds² = g’ab(x’)dx’adx’b
through a (NON)-LINEAR transform xa = fa(x’) in a coordinate system x’a and back, with
ds² = g’ab(x’)dx’adx’b = Sa=1D (dxa)²
Signed metrical coefficients are PROJECTIVE EFFECTS on states 1 and 2. The quantum reality is unsigned.
Following this series of results, it’s always possible to keep on taking a MINKOWSKI metric if, for some purposes, we don’t want “shifts” to emerge (see next bidouille) in our familiar notions. It suffices to take, in (13):
(16) fa(x) = ixa (a = 1,2,3) , f4(x) = x4
to obtain a “time-like” metrical tensor, or
(17) fa(x) = xa (a = 1,2,3) , f4(x) = ix4
to obtain a “space-like” one. It WON’T restaure a physical nature to time for as much, since both transformations are invertible and we can always be back to the initial Euclidian metric. Thus, preferring the Minkowski metric to the Euclidian one would only be a matter of “keeping the good old habits”.
But, actually, all these “classically preconceived choices” won’t be necessary in the quantum, as we will show it in the next bidouille.
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ECONOMIES TRIBALES - SOLUTIONS INNOVANTES
Le 28/11/2018
https://newfoodeconomy.org/tanka-bar-general-mills-epic-provisions-bison-bars/?fbclid=IwAR1_jFjSZwSVOXrrp9aAdFHrFX0IbJpEcW8c8_R1W1fahIes9h1f2whfyT0
voici mes suggestions:
- vous avez un produit INNOVANT à lancer, basé sur une science tribale;
- vous DELOCALISEZ en Bolivie et vous ENREGISTREZ là;
- vous PROTEGEZ IMMEDIATEMENT le produit aux Instituts de la Propriété Industrielle, afin de déposer marques et brevets;
- vous démarrez l'activité, phase de recherche si préalable, puis commercialisation;
- vous focalisez les ventes AU SEIN DES TRIBUS AMERICAINES ET A L'ETRANGER (export);
- vous payez vos taxes et impôts société et individuels au pays hôte.
De ce fait, vous aurez BEAUCOUP MOINS DE RISQUES d'être copiés "à la sauvage" et de vous voir détourner votre chiffre d'affaires. Le dépôt de marques et concepts vous ouvrira la PROTECTION JURIDIQUE et SECURISERA VOTRE MARCHé, gardant en tête que les situations de monopole restent quand même intenables à moyen terme. Il faudra donc, par la suite, faire EVOLUER VOS PRODUITS, REDEPOSER DE NOUVEAUX BREVETS ET MARQUES,...
C'est comme ça qu'on procède, en Occident... :) ça vous évite de plonger et d'aller au tribunal pour rien...
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EXTRACTIONS MINIERES AUX US
Le 27/11/2018
https://newsmaven.io/indiancountrytoday/news/cheyenne-river-citizens-plead-against-water-permit-for-pe-sla-gold-prospecting-H0oGwlzEa0K_92ujJW_LFQ/
https://www.navajotimes.com/wires-wp/index.php?id=1825030680&kid=IZXbj2m0mvvKAgbc#apfeed
(normalement, les liens sont actifs). Voici le pb. Le sort des tribus locales peut ne pas entrez dans vos intérêts c'est une toute autre question. EN REVANCHE, si les affirmations de la Cie canadienne rapportée dans l'article de ICT s'avère correctes, tenant compte de toutes les AUTRES zones d'extraction minière en plein (re)développement, et dans la perspective logique que le minerai suive les lois du marché, alors il faut s'attendre à ce que les cours de l'or S'EFFONDRENT DANS UN AVENIR TOUT PROCHE. Or, les devises "papier-monnaie" restent indexées sur le cours de l'or. Une dépréciation considérable de celui-ci, lié à une surabondance brutale sur le marché des devises, entrainerait des dépréciations équivalentes des monnaies.
POUR CETTE RAISON, je pense que la question devrait être examinée, indépendamment du sort réservé aux tribus locales. Mais, le soutien à leur opposition pourrait faire l'objet d'une activité DIPLOMATIQUE complémentaire.
Vous devriez être informés par ce site des nouveaux posts à venir. Alors, il y aura sans doute un mélange d'articles techniques et non-techniques, mais j'ai préféré conserver le même blog et même fournisseur de contenu.
Mes amitiés à tous et mon bon souvenir.
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B 150: THE QUANTUM FRAME REVISITED
Le 27/11/2018
Quantum physics is essentially replacing the real-valued classical frame with a complex-valued one. It may look simplistic, but that’s what the wave-corpuscle duality says, nothing more. So, we give ourselves a physical frame X with COMPLEX dimension D, that’s REAL dimension 2D, and we realize X as the direct sum X = X1 + iX2 of two “projective spaces”, real, with same dimension D. This is the planar representation: each point x of X with coordinates xa (a = 1,…,D) has “projections” x1 in X1 with coordinates x1a and x2 in X2 with coordinates x2a. Saying that a quantum object is “located at point x in quantum space X” becomes formally equivalent to saying that the PROJECTIONS of this location are x1 in X1 and x2 in X2. And it goes the same with every other physical quantity: parameters, variables, functions. There’s therefore absolutely no mathematical difficulty whatsoever, nothing new, the main difficulty stands on how to INTERPRET RESULTS, their PHYSICAL CONTENT.
As we will work with projective states all along, we will introduce the s-MATRICES we will widely use in our calculations. These are the real-valued pendings of the sigma-matrices of spin theory. Basically, each time we have a PRODUCT of complex-valued quantities, the real-valued components of the result can be expressed in terms of these matrices, which are all INVERTIBLE. Let’s then consider two complex quantities x = x1 + ix2 and y = y1 + iy2. We have:
(1) u = xy = x1y1 - x2y2 + i(x1y2 + x2y1) = (s1AB + is2AB)xAyB
(2) v = x*y = x1y1 + x2y2 + i(x1y2 - x2y1) = (s3AB + is4AB)xAyB
Capital Latin indices run from 1 to 2 and label projective states. Thus:
(3) uC = sCABxAyB , vC = sC+2ABxAyB
These s-matrices have components:
(4) s111 = -s122 = +1 , s112 = s121 = 0
(5) s211 = s222 = 0 , s212 = s221 = +1
(6) s311 = s322 = +1 , s312 = s321 = 0 => s3 = Id
(7) s411 = s422 = 0 , s412 = -s421 = +1 => s4 = J
The “identity matrix” is s3. s1 and s3 are diagonal; s2 and s4, “anti-” or “off-diagonal”. s1, s2 and s3 are symmetric matrices, s4 is skew-symmetric. Their genuine properties are:
(8) Tr(s1,s2,s4) = 0 , Tr(s3) = 2
(9) Det(s1,s2) = -1 , Det(s3,s4) = +1
(10) (s1)² = (s2)² = (s3)² = -(s4)² = s3
(11) (s1)-1 = s1 , (s2)-1 = s2 , (s3)-1 = s3 , (s4)-1 = -s4
(12) s1s2 = -s2s1 = s4 , s1s4 = -s4s1 = s2 , s4s2 = -s2s4 = s1
while s1, s2 and s4 obviously commute with s3. These properties linearize the products of s-matrices. For instance,
s1s2s4 = s4² = -s1² = -s3
etc., so that we find the CYCLIC properties of the integer powers of i (i² = -1, i3 = -i, i4 = +1) REPORTED to the real-valued s-matrices, which make a BASE of M2(R).
Let’s now consider a quantum point xa = x1a + ix2a, a = 1,…,D. Both projections x1a and x2a are a priori SIGNED quantities. If X1 and X2 are both Euclidian, they both have SO(D) as EXTERNAL rotation group; if they are pseudo-Euclidian with signature (D1,D2), D1 + D2 = D, they both have SO(D1,D2) as external rotation group. This group defines ORIENTATION in both projective spaces. What about X = X1 + iX2? It inherits the EXTERNAL symmetries of its projections, plus an INTERNAL symmetry introduced by the presence of the imaginary unit i. This is a U(1) symmetry group. It defines ANOTHER ORIENTATION, now dealing with PHYSICAL STATES. If we extend (1) and (2) to the tensor product of two quantum vectors x and y of X, we find:
(13) uab = xayb = x1ay1b - x2ay2b + i(x1ay2b + x2ay1b) = (s1AB + is2AB)xAayBb
(14) vab = x*ayb = x1ay1b + x2ay2b + i(x1ay2b - x2ay1b) = (s3AB + is4AB)xAayBb
(15) uCab = sCABxAayBb , vCab = sC+2ABxAayBb
It is clear the small Latin indices representing the EXTERNAL components aren’t affected at all by the INTERNAL transformation involving only capital Latin indices. What we find instead is that the state-1 projection of uab is u1ab = x1ay1b - x2ay2b, its state-2 projection is u2ab = x1ay2b + x2ay1b; the state-1 projection of vab is v1ab = x1ay1b + x2ay2b and its state-2 projection, v2ab = x1ay2b - x2ay1b. Each time, it involves ALL FOUR INITIAL VECTORS, x1, y1, x2 and y2 and this is what the INTERNAL SCALAR PRODUCTS express in (15). Notice that:
x1ay1b = ½ (u1 + v1) , x1ay2b = ½ (u2 - v2)
x2ay1b = ½ (u2 + v2) , x2ay2b = -½ (u1 - v1)
so that,
(16) xAayBb = ½ (uCsCAB + vCsC+2AB)
In the special case y = x,
(17) uab = xaxb = x1ax1b - x2ax2b + i(x1ax2b + x2ax1b) = (s1AB + is2AB)xAaxBb
(18) vab = x*axb = x1ax1b + x2ax2b + i(x1ax2b - x2ax1b) = (s3AB + is4AB)xAaxBb
(19) uCab = sCABxAaxBb , vCab = sC+2ABxAaxBb
(20) xAaxBb = ½ (uCsCAB + vCsC+2AB)
and external traces give:
(21) u = Sb=a=1D uab = Sa=1D [(x1a)² - (x2a)² + 2ix1ax2a]
(22) v = Sb=a=1D vab = Sa=1D [(x1a)² + (x2a)²]
While v is always non-negative and real-valued in an Euclidian geometry, both u1 and u2 can either be positive, negative or zero, EVEN IN AN EUCLIDIAN GEOMETRY. Here is the effect of the INTERNAL SYMMETRY: the EXTERNAL geometry remain unchanged, but PROJECTIVE SQUARES are affected by the INTERNAL geometry (in circle). This is the great difference with the classical situation. Here, we have:
(23) u1 = Sa=1D [(x1a)² - (x2a)²]
(24) u2 = 2Sa=1D x1ax2a
Both are HYPERBOLIC squares, whereas v is an ELLIPTIC square. It follows that, independent of the external geometry, we have to define INTERNAL GENUS. If u1 is found > 0, the state-1 contribution is HIGHER than the state-2 contribution and we’ll say that u1 is “(state)1-like”. If u1 < 0, it will be “(state)2-like” and if u1 = 0, we’ll keep the name “isotropic” used in the mathematics of space-time relativity. It means that, if the Euclidian areas measured in both states are EQUAL, than the resulting area, OBSERVED IN STATE 1, will be ZERO… otherwise said, it will reduce to a POINT. If u2 now is equal to zero, the two projected vectors x1 and x2 appear ORTHOGONAL to a state-2 observer. In the POLAR representation now:
(25) x1a = racos(ksi) , x2a = rasin(ksi)
(26) u1 = [Sa=1D (ra)²]cos(2ksi)
(27) u2 = [Sa=1D (ra)²]sin(2ksi)
and, whether Sa=1D (ra)² = 0 in which case x1 = x2 = 0 and u1 = u2 = 0, or Sa=1D (ra)² <> 0 and then u1 = 0 for ksi = (2k+1)pi/4, k in Z, giving u2 = (-1)kSa=1D (ra)² or u2 = 0 for ksi = kpi/2, giving u1 = (-1)kSa=1D (ra)². We can see that, in both situations, we alternate between a positively-counted and a negatively-counted area and that, more importantly:
A NEGATIVELY-COUNTED area is a POSITIVELY-COUNTED one in PHASE OPPOSITION.
This enables us to talk of “negatively-counted distances”. What happens is that we have a state-1+ and a state-2+, where distances are positively counted, plus a state-1- and a state-2-, where distances are negatively counted, because 1- is opposite in phase to 1+ and 2- to 2+.
We don’t encounter this in the classical, since ksi is set to zero there, giving x1a = xa, x2a = 0 and u1 = Sa=1D (ra)² >= 0 while u2 = 0: the component X2 is reduced to a point (as to know, {0}) and X1 identifies with classical D-space.
Notice that there’s no contradiction of principle in finding negatively-counted areas, because these are PROJECTIVE EFFECTS: the INVARIANT area remains Sa=1D (ra)² IN ALL CASES [however, each ra in (25) is SIGNED, since it remains subjected to EXTERNAL orientation].
Much more generally, when X is CURVED but RIEMANNIAN, its elementary area is given by the second quadratic form:
(28) dl² = gabdxadxb
where ALL quantities are complex-valued. Developing in real-valued components, it’s not difficult to show that:
(29) dl² = (dl²)1 + i(dl²)2 = (s1AB + is2AB)dlAB²
(30) (dl²)C = sCABdlAB²
(31) dlAB² = gAabsBCDdxCadxDb
Explicitly:
(32) (dl²)1 = g1ab(dx1adx1b - dx2adx2b) - g2ab(dx1adx2b + dx1bdx2a)
(33) (dl²)2 = g1ab(dx1adx2b + dx1bdx2a) + g2ab(dx1adx1b - dx2adx2b)
Also notice the linear form:
(34) dl = uadxa => dlC = sCABuAdxBa
If we square dl = dl1 + idl2, we find dl² = dl1² - dl2² + 2idl1dl2. Comparing with (29) gives:
(35) (dl²)1 = dl1² - dl2² = s1ABdlAdlB
(36) (dl²)2 = 2dl1dl2 = s2ABdlAdlB
So, we should not confuse (dl²)C, which are the projections of dl², with (dlC)², which are the squares of the projections of dl.
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B 149: INTERRUPTION & APOLOGIZES
Le 03/10/2018
First of all, I’d like to apologize near the regular reader for the permanent updates on this blog. The reason is: I have few time to allow it. So, it’s calculations and reasonings “when I can”, I prepare a lot of things but I’m still not in a REGULAR ENVIRONMENT where work can be properly done.
Usually, I don’t keep versions I’m not satisfied with nor articles that went the wrong way. However, as it begins to accumulate, what I decided to do this time is: make a break with that B149 and starts it all over again from B150.
It’s essential that we understand how the PHYSICAL FRAME itself work, because it contains everything else. So, it has INCIDENCES on the rest. As a consequence, if we do understand the way it articulates, we will understand how objects inside it articulate.
The work to come is simplified and, overall, CORRECTED. It does bring interesting informations but I can’t tell by now if this will be enough to answer the main questions about “paranormal behaviors”. What I can say is that it sticks to the knowledge and understanding of physical laws we have today.
So, let’s go again, hoping this time we won’t have to go back.
Because I’m stupidly loosing time, the reader may begin to think this is all very confuse and loose patience because of this. And, to me, it’s frustrating anyway, because it stagnates…
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